I. Complete the sentences using the right tense form:
1. I have visited London three times.
2. This time tomorrow, I will be flying to Paris.
3. At 8 p.m. tonight, we will be having dinner.
4. By 6 p.m., I will have worked for eight hours.
5. By next year, I will have finished my studies.
6. Next month, she will have lived here for five years.
7. She will have left before you arrive.
8. She will be studying at the library this afternoon.
9. They have already seen that movie already.
10. They will be playing football at 5 o’clock.

II. Complete the sentences using the right tense form:
1. We have lived here since 2015.
2. He has just arrived.
3. They will be playing football at 5 o’clock.
4. Don’t call me at 9. I will be sleeping.
5. In July, we will have been studying English for two years.
6. By next week, he will have been training every day for a month.
7. We will have completed the project by Friday.
8. He will have read the whole book by tomorrow

I. Do the preparation exercise first and then read the article.

Match the words with the definitions.

1) d-designated
2) c-vandalism
3) a-graffiti
4) b-aerosol paint
5) f-the global village
6) e-a crane

a. words or pictures drawn on walls or public places
b. a kind of paint that is sprayed from a can
c. the act of deliberately damaging or destroying things, especially public property
d. marked or separated for a particular purpose
e. a tall machine used for building tall buildings
f. the modern world, in which countries seem close together and interdependent because of modern communication and transport

Vandalism or contemporary art? Find out more about where street art has come from and where it
might be heading.

A long history

People have been painting and writing on walls throughout history. In prehistoric times, people in Africa
and Europe used to paint pictures of animals and people in caves. Graffiti has been found on buildings at
ancient sites in Greece, Italy, Syria and Iraq. In the Roman town of Pompeii, archaeologists have found
numerous examples of graffiti written in Latin. These include religious, political and romantic messages,
and even some magic spells!

Modern times

In the late twentieth century, graffiti and street art became an international phenomenon. In the 1970s,
young people in New York used pens to write their names, or ‘tags’, on walls around the city. One of the
first ‘taggers’ was Demetrius, a teenager from a Greek family. Demetrius’s tag was TAKI 183. TAKI was his
nickname and 183 was the number of the street he lived on – 183rd Street. At first, he wrote his tag on
walls in his neighbourhood. Then he started tagging in subway stations on the way to and from school.
When the subway train stopped at a station, he would jump off, write his tag on the wall and then jump
back on before the doors closed. Other teenagers noticed Demetrius’s tag and started to write their own.
Soon, New York’s walls, buses and subway trains were covered with tags: Barbara 62, Joe 182, …
Later on, some teenagers started writing tags with aerosol paints. Their tags were bigger, more colourful
and took more time and imagination than the simple, pen-written tags. The trend spread and from the
1970s, aerosol paint graffiti became a common sight on trains, buses and walls in cities around the world.
In the 1990s, graffiti continued but there was also an explosion in street art around the world. Some artists
wanted to make political points and produced art that tried to make people think about war, inequality and
discrimination. Other street artists were more concerned with producing beautiful, attractive work. In South
America, many street artists went to work in poor areas adding colour, life and beauty to grey, city walls.

Art or vandalism?

Is graffiti art or vandalism? This depends on your point of view, but in many countries, writing or painting on
public or private property is considered vandalism. Many street artists have been stopped by the police and
some have had to pay fines.
Many city councils complain about the high cost of cleaning graffiti off buildings, buses and trains. In some
areas, councils have tried to encourage artists not to paint randomly on walls by allowing them to work in
designated areas. Taiwan is one such place and there are ‘graffiti zones’ where artists are free to paint and
write on walls. In São Paulo in Brazil, the city council has even allowed some graffiti artists to paint on the
city’s subway trains.
And what does the art world think of graffiti and street art? Recently, there has been a growing recognition
of its value as an art form. There have been major exhibitions of street art in galleries in Paris, London and
Los Angeles. The American artist Elura Emerald organised a street art exhibition at a New York gallery in
2008. She defended street artists, saying ‘artists who paint on the street are merely expressing
themselves, not hurting anyone. They should be appreciated and celebrated.’

Who are the artists?

Most street artists are anonymous, but others have become globally famous. Here are three stars of the
street art world:

• Os Gêmeos are identical twin brothers from São Paulo. They paint everything from tags to huge,
colourful pictures of people on the sides of buildings. Their work is often so big that they need
cranes to help them work. In 2007, they covered the whole of a castle in Scotland with paint.

• Blek le Rat started out painting rats on the walls of his home city, Paris. Nowadays, he tries to
make people think about different social issues and problems. He paints pictures of homeless
people in big cities to encourage residents to think about the problem of homelessness.

• Faith47 is from Cape Town in South Africa. She paints big, colourful pictures of people and animals
and likes to explore different locations. Her work is found on pavements, in empty factories and on
abandoned cars. She likes the fact that most street art is temporary and will soon be removed by
weather or cleaners from the city council. For her, this reflects how life is full of change with its
cycle of endings and new beginnings.
Street art and the global village

It is impossible to know how street art will develop in the future but certain trends are emerging. While most
street artists are young people who paint in their city or neighbourhood, more and more street artists are
travelling and working around the globe. Other artists are using the internet to talk to each other and share
photos of their work. Also, the art world is giving more recognition to street art as a legitimate art form.
Although we don’t know what will happen to street art in the future, we can be sure that it is here to stay!

II. Circle True or False for these sentences.

1. Graffiti has been found in caves in Greece, Italy, Syria and Iraq. True
2. Demetrius first wrote his tag on the New York subway. False
3. Many city councils complain about street art because cleaning walls is expensive. True
4. Elura Emerald thinks street art is vandalism. False
5. Blek le Rat wants to make people think about homelessness. True
6. Faith47 wants her work to be permanent. False

III. Circle the best answer for these questions.

1. Demetrius used to write his tag on the subway (at weekends / on school days / at night).
2. In the 1970s, (tourists / teenagers / artists) covered the walls of New York with tags.
3. Street art became very popular in (the 1970s / 1980s / 1990s).
4. Some street artists have been arrested and ordered to (pay fines / work in designated areas /
clean the streets).
5. (Taki 183 / Blek le Rat / Faith47) likes to paint in unusual places.
6. Os Gêmeos’ work is known for its (political messages / commercial value / large scale).

IV. Write an essay in 200 – 250 words or less on the topic below.

What do you think about graffiti and street art? Do you think it is vandalism or contemporary art?
Is there much graffiti in your town or city?
Do you think it makes your town or city look better or not?
Should the police stop graffiti artists?

Graffiti can be vandalism or art. If people paint on buildings without permission, it is vandalism. But if they create murals in legal places, it can be beautiful street art. There is some graffiti in many towns. Messy tags can make places look dirty, but colorful murals can make them look better. Police should stop illegal graffiti, but cities should give artists places to paint legally.

Exercise I: Complete each sentence using a modal verb

1. I should finish my homework before I go out.
2. You don’t have to bring food; everything is provided.
3. The box must be heavy for me to lift alone.
4. Students must wear a uniform at this school.
5. We should hurry, or we’ll miss the bus.
6. You must wear a seatbelt when driving; it’s the law.
7. I’m not sure, but she might be late today because of the traffic.
8. Could you help me with this math problem, please?
9. Students must not use their phones during the exam.
10. If you want better grades, you should study more regularly.
11. It’s cloudy, so it might rain later.

Exercise II: Rewrite the Sentences Using a Modal Verb

1.It is possible that he is at home.
He might be at home.
2.It is necessary for you to finish the project today.
You must finish the project today.
3.It is a good idea for her to see a doctor.
She should see a doctor.
4.Is it okay if I open the window?
May I open the window?
5.It is forbidden to park here.
You mustn’t park here.
6.It is necessary for her to study harder.
She must study harder.
7.It is not necessary for you to come early.
You don’t have to come early.
8.The coffee is so hot that I can’t drink it.
The coffee is so hot, so I can’t drink it.
9.It is compulsory for drivers to stop at a red light.
Drivers must stop at a red light.
10.The exercise is very difficult for him.
He can’t do the exercise easily.

1. Correct
2. Correct
3. Correct
4. Are going to live to be
5. Shall I carry
6. Correct
7. Will you
8. We going to try
9. Correct
10. Correct
11. Correct
12. Are you going

1. Both
2. I’m going to do
3. Is going to sing
4. I’m going to buy
5. Going to be
6. Does
7. Are they going to broadcast
8. Are they broadcasting
9. Leaves
10. Is the resraurant opening

1. Have been
2. Be
3. Will not
4. Be
5. Studying

1. I will have cooked
2. I will have been waiting
3. I will have been swimming
4. Won’t have finished
5. Jan will have been talking
6. Won’t have been climbing
7. Will probably have passed
8. Will you have done
9. Elaine will have been working
10. Probably won’t have left

1. After we’ve got
2. As soon as I finish
3. You are travelling
4. Before they show
5. I will be talking
6. After we have watched
7. I will have sent out
8. Until you have done
9. By the time
10. Once we have

1. In
2. On
3. In
4. On
5. At
6. In
7. In
8. At
9. At
10. In
11. On
12. On

1. To
2. At
3. On
4. In
5. On
6. In
7. Of
8. Towards
9. At
10. At
11. At
12. To

1. After
2. Have
3. In
4. To
5. Will
6. By
7. Have
8. Be
9. Been
10. At
11. In
12. Will
13. At

The Facebook party that became a riot
How did a quiet 16th birthday celebration turn into a riot? This article is based on an event that happened over a decade ago.

I. Match the sentence halves to make things that can go wrong at a party. Write a–f next to the numbers 1–6.
1.Someone breaks-e. an expensive glass
2.Loads of people you don't know-a. gatecrash the party
3.Someone spills-d. their drink on the carpet
4.The neighbours complain-f. about the noise
5.Your mates post-c. embarrassing photos from the party on Facebook              
6.Someone falls asleep-b. in your parents' bed         

Read the text and do the other exercises.

The Facebook party that became a riot
It began as a plan for a very normal 16th birthday party. Merthe Weusthuis wanted a quiet celebration with a small group of friends in her family home in the small Dutch town of Haren. Like many teenagers, she decided to send out invitations via a social network site. But Merthe made one big mistake: she used open-access settings on Facebook, so it wasn’t just her friends who could see details of the event, lots of strangers could too.

The number of invitation acceptances quickly snowballed into an avalanche. Not marking the event as ‘private’ meant the electronic invitation was eventually seen by 240,000 people, of whom 30,000 confirmed online that they planned to attend. To make matters worse, an unauthorised campaign was launched to promote the party by means of a dedicated website and Twitter account, which received hundreds of thousands of hits. The party become known as ‘Project X Haren’ after the 2012 American film Project X in which three high school students throw a birthday party that spins out of control. Video trailers for Merthe’s party were produced, with scenes from Project X edited in, and they were posted on YouTube. T-shirts featuring Merthe’s face were also made, all without her knowledge or consent.

Even after Merthe’s parents had cancelled the party, the publicity didn’t stop. Local media reported on the forthcoming event and teenagers turned up to have their pictures taken outside the Weusthuis family home. On the evening the party was to have taken place, about 5,000 teenagers began gathering in Haren, many outside the Weusthuis house. When it became clear that there was nothing to gatecrash, violence broke out and 500 riot police equipped with helmets, shields and batons were brought in to control the crowd. Shops in the centre of Haren were vandalised and looted, journalists were attacked, cars were set on fire or overturned and street signs and lamp posts were damaged.

However, Facebook was also involved in the clean-up effort in the days after the riot. A group called ‘Project Clean-X Haren’ was set up to gather and organise volunteers. Another group named ‘Suspect-X Haren’ was created to help police identify and arrest the rioters by sharing photos and videos of the event.

A number of other 'Facebook parties’ have spiralled out of control, including the 16th birthday party of British teenager Bradley McAnulty in April 2012. Bradley had not posted details of the event on the internet, and had been careful to ask his friends not to, but somehow the news leaked out and appeared on Blackberry Messenger as well as Facebook. More than 400 gatecrashers invaded his family home in Poole, Dorset, causing extensive damage.

II. Check your understanding: multiple choice 
1. Merthe Weusthuis made the mistake of ___.
a. using Facebook to organise her birthday celebration
b. letting her friends invite their friends to her party
c. inviting people she did not really like to her party
d. not checking who could see her online invitation

2. The number of confirmed guests ___.
a. did not reflect the reality
b. got out of control almost immediately
c. was manageable until the Twitter campaign
d. suddenly shot up when people started watching the YouTube video trailers

3. 'Project X Haren' was named after ___.
a. another party in the same area
b. the group who promoted the party online
c. a party video on YouTube
d. a film

4. Local journalists ___.
a. gave the event publicity
b. tried to discourage people from attending
c. gathered outside the house
d. started the violence

5. Violence broke out when ___.
a. teenagers arrived in large numbers
b. people realised there was no party
c. rival gangs turned up
d. gatecrashers saw the riot police

6. After the riot, Facebook was used to ___.
a. plan another party in Haren
b. send messages of support to Merthe and her family
c. help rioters get in contact with each other
d. help the town recover from the violence

7. Bradley McAnulty ___.
a. made the same mistake as Merthe Weusthuis
b. sent invites via Blackberry Messenger
c. had taken steps to prevent problems
d. posted details of the event online

8. In Bradley McAnulty's case, ___.
a. only a small number of people arrived
b. the gatecrashers were well behaved
c. the gatecrashers caused a lot of damage to his home
d. the gatecrashers caused a lot of damage to his town

III. Check your vocabulary: gap fill
Complete the gaps with a phrase from the box.
take place broke out set on fire turned up
send out leaked out named after brought in
1. Merthe used her Facebook page to send out invitations.
2. The event was named after a party in a film.
3. Teenagers turned up at the house to have their photos taken.
4. 5,000 teenagers gathered in Haren on the night the party was supposed to set on fire.
5. When it became clear there was no party, violence take place.
6. Riot police were brought in to control the crowds.
7. Shops were vandalised and cars were broke out.
8. Even though Bradley McAnulty had been careful, news of his party leaked out and
appeared on Blackberry Messenger.

IV. Discussion
Is Facebook a good way to organise a party? Why or why not?
Are you careful with your privacy settings on social network sites?